From the end of mediaeval times with the opening up of the world, the liberation of the mind and the release of business enterprise, a new spirit arose in Europe exemplified in such movements as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the struggle for democracy, the rise of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution.
With these movements there developed a certain tradition which, in spite
of hindrances and disagreements or failures, was universally held both by right
and left - wing parties however strongly they might fail to agree on the best
means of attaining what was felt to be a universal ideal.
The hard core of this tradition involved: belief in reason and the
possibility of human progress: the essential sanctity and dignity of human
life: tolerance of widely different religious and political views: reliance on
popular government and the responsibility of the rulers to the ruled. Freedom
of thought and criticism: the necessity of universal education: impartial
justice and the rule of law: the desirability of universal peace.


